DDL(Data Definiton Language) : 데이터와 그 구조를 정의

DML(Data Manipulation Language) : 데이터의 검색과 수정 등의 처리

DCL(Data Control Language) : 데이터베이스 사용자의 권한을 제어

TIOBE Programming Community Index for February 2007

February Headline: Programming Language D reaches Status "A"

The TIOBE Programming Community index gives an indication of the popularity of programming languages. The index is updated once a month. The ratings are based on the world-wide availability of skilled engineers, courses and third party vendors. The popular search engines Google, MSN, and Yahoo! are used to calculate the ratings. Observe that the TIOBE index is not about the best programming language or the language in which most lines of code have been written.

The index can be used to check whether your programming skills are still up to date or to make a strategic decision about what programming language should be adopted when starting to build a new software system. The definition of the TIOBE index can be found here.

Position Feb 2007	Position Feb 2006	Delta in Position	Programming Language	Ratings Feb 2007	Delta Feb 2006	Status
1	1		Java	18.978%	-3.45%	A
2	2		C	16.104%	-2.23%	A
3	3		C++	10.768%	-0.53%	A
4	5		PHP	8.847%	-0.07%	A
5	4		(Visual) Basic	8.369%	-1.03%	A
6	6		Perl	6.073%	-0.63%	A
7	8		Python	3.566%	+0.90%	A
8	7		C#	3.189%	-0.78%	A
9	10		JavaScript	2.982%	+1.47%	A
10	20	10 *	Ruby	2.528%	+2.12%	A
11	11		SAS	2.326%	+1.13%	A
12	9		Delphi	2.077%	+0.10%	A
13	12		PL/SQL	1.628%	+0.66%	A
14	21	7 *	ABAP	1.205%	+0.83%	A
15	22	7 *	D	1.205%	+0.84%	A
16	14		Lisp/Scheme	0.722%	+0.10%	A--
17	17		Ada	0.661%	+0.15%	B
18	13		COBOL	0.656%	-0.08%	B
19	15		Pascal	0.596%	+0.05%	B
20	36	16 *	Transact-SQL	0.543%	+0.38%	B

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Long term trends

The long term trends for the first 10 programming languages can be found in the line diagram below.

Other programming languages

The complete top 50 of programming languages is listed below. This overview is published unofficially, because it could be the case that we missed a language. If you have the impression there is a programming language lacking, please notify us at tpci@tiobe.com.

The Next 50 Programming Languages

The following list of languages denotes #51 to #100. Since the differences are relatively small, the programming languages are only listed (in alphabetical order).

• ABC, Algol, Alpha, Applescript, AspectJ, Avenue, Beta, Boo, cg, Ch, Clarion, Clean, Csh, cT, DC, Dylan, EGL, Eiffel, Erlang, Euphoria, F#, Felix, Focus, Groovy, Inform, Io, Limbo, LotusScript, MAD, Magic, Mathematica, Modula-2, MOO, MUMPS, Occam, Oz, PILOT, PL/I, Postscript, Powerbuilder, Progress, Rebol, Scala, Seed7, SIGNAL, SPSS, Verilog, VHDL, XSLT, Yorick

February Newsflash - Brought to you by Paul Jansen

• After discussion with Harry Smith, we decided to group all dBase dialects together (this also includes FoxPro and Clipper). The new entry is called FoxPro/xBase. The complete set consists of FoxPro, Fox Pro, VFP, dBase, dBaseIII, dBaseIV, dBaseV, Clipper, Flagship, QuickSilver, Recital, xBase++, and xHarbour.

• This month we started to monitor the following languages: Gambas, JADE, Pliant, Revolution, and Squirrel. They are not in the top 100 yet. The highest position is for Revolution in 117th place.

• At the moment SAS, ABAP, and Transact-SQL are going extremely strong with all time highs, but I have a gut feeling this is not the truth. This has bugged me now for at least half a year. In the beginning I thought this was thanks to push actions (such as the ones for ColdFusion and FoxPro in the recent past) but this does not seem the case. A couple of weeks ago I found the real cause. The high ratings of these three languages are due to their hits for Google Groups. SAS counts for 7.5%, ABAP for 3.4% and Transact-SQL for 1.3% of the total amount of Google Groups hits. The explanation for this is quite simple. Google Groups is getting less popular. For instance, the programming language C, which is quite popular in Google Groups went down from 12,200 to 9,870 hits in one year time. Usually, the number of hits increases for all languages (even the ones in decline) for the search engines we use, because the number of documents per search engine per year grows. Now that the number of hits on Google Groups is going down, the reliability of these figures is also going down. Some old communities remain posting on Google Groups whereas the hot languages move their discussions to Google Blogs. As a consequence, the old communities have more shares in Google Groups and because the population is low the Google Groups hits have a relatively higher impact. To compensate for this, we decided to lower the weight of Google Groups from 20% to 18% from this month on. If the results will remain dissatisfying, the weight of Google Groups will be lowered further. It could even be the case that we remove Google Groups entirely in the end. Let me know your opinion about this!

• If you click on a language in the top 20, you will see the individual trend for this language. A feature provided to you by Nick de Jong.

• In the tables below some long term trends are listed about categories of languages. The tables show that dynamically typed object-oriented languages are still becoming more popular.
  
  

  Category	Ratings Feb 2007	Delta Feb 2006
  Object-Oriented Languages	51.8%	+0.5%
  Procedural Languages	45.7%	-1.4%
  Logical Languages	1.7%	+0.8%
  Functional Languages	0.8%	+0.2%

  
  
  

  Category	Ratings Feb 2007	Delta Feb 2006
  Statically Typed Languages	57.6%	-3.7%
  Dynamically Typed Languages	42.4%	+3.7%

Frequently Asked Questions

• Q: What definition of programming languages has been used?
  
  A: A language is considered a programming language if it is Turing complete. As a consequence, HTML and XML are not considered programming languages. The same holds for data query language SQL. SQL is not a programming language because it is for instance impossible to write an infinite loop in it. On the other hand, SQL extensions PL/SQL and Transact-SQL are programming languages. ASP and ASP.NET are also no programming languages because these are techniques that makes use of other languages such as JavaScript and VBScript or .NET compatible languages. We have excluded assembly languages, although Turing complete, because they have a very different nature.
  
  
• Q: How are dialects of languages grouped?

  A: Some languages are grouped together because they are very similar to each other. An example is the language entry Basic which covers Visual Basic, QBasic, Microsoft Basic, etc. VB.NET has been added as well to the Visual Basic entry because it is often referred to as Visual Basic. The ratings for a collection of languages is calculated by taking the maximum of all individual entries (not its sum!).

• Q: Am I allowed to show the TIOBE index in my weblog/presentation/publication?

  A: This is OK provided that you refer to its original source: www.tiobe.com.

• Q: What happened to Java in April 2004? Did you change your methodology?

  A: No, we did not change our methodology at that time. Google changed its methodology. They performed a general sweep action to get rid of all kinds of web sites that had been pushed up. As a consequence, there was a huge drop for languages such as Java and C++. In order to minimize such fluctuations in the future, we added two more search engines (MSN and Yahoo) a few months after this incident.

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the Ruby Programming Language

• Highest Rating (since 2002): 2.528% (10th position, February 2007)
• Lowest Rating (since 2002): 0.124% (27th position, September 2004)
• Type of Language: Object-Oriented
• Type System: Dynamically Typed

출처 : TIOBE SOFTWARE